Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR

A - Pipette Type Electronic vs Mechanical Pipettes
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A1 - Electronic Pipettes

Electronic pipettes contain a motor and controller to regulate aspiration and dispensing volumes. Although electronic pipettes cost more than mechanical pipettors, they offer many advantages. Rather than a top-mounted piston-stroke design common in mechanical pipettes, electronic models use front-mounted, ergonomic push-button controls that reduce repetitive strain injuries, air bubbles, and pipette-induced cross-contamination. Electronic pipettes also include programmable software for storage of protocols to optimize experimental set-up and reduce tip usage.

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A2 - Mechanical Pipettes

Mechanical pipettes utilize a piston-stroke mechanism, connected to a top-mounted plunger, to drive aspiration and dispensing of liquids. Mechanical models cost significantly less than electronic pipettors, support in-lab calibration, and require limited user training. Prolonged use of mechanical pipettes can, however, lead to repetitive strain injuries, such as pipettor’s thumb, and a reduction in pipetting precision, caused by hysteresis.

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B - Number of Pipette Channels
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B1 - 1-Channel Pipettes

Single-channel pipettes are optimal for low-throughput dispensing into flip-cap tubes or conical vials. Single-channel models are less expensive than multi-channel pipettes, easier to calibrate, and small enough to fit into tight spaces, such as analytical instrument sample loading trays.

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B2 - 8-Channel Pipettes

8-Channel pipettes are ideal for high-throughput dispensing into 96-well microplates or sample troughs. Although 8-channel pipettes are more expensive than single-channel models, they dispense liquid into 8 wells at a time, supporting more efficient loading of microplates for serial dilutions, reagent dispensing, and quality control sample analysis.

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B3 - 12-Channel Pipettes

12-channel pipettes are optimal for high-throughput dispensing into 96-well or 384-well microplates or reagent reservoirs. For protocols directing row-based, rather than column-based, plate loading, 12-channel models are more efficient than 8-channel pipettes.

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C - Pipette Displacement Method
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C1 - Air Displacement Pipettes

Air displacement pipettes contain a piston that moves up to take in air during aspiration and moves down to expel air during dispensing. The amount of air displaced is equal to the volume of liquid aspirated or dispensed. Air displacement pipettes are ideal for transferring aqueous samples, such as reagents, buffer, media, nucleic acids and proteins.

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C2 - Positive Displacement Pipettes

Positive displacement pipettes contain a capillary and piston, which is loaded into the pipette tip and thus in direct contact with the sample. Since there isn’t an air channel between the piston and the sample, positive displacement pipettes achieve a more consistent dispensing force, making them ideal for viscous and volatile samples, such as glycerol, ethanol and radionuclides.

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E - Pipette Volume and Flow Rate Adjustment
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E1 - Adjustable Volume Pipettes

Adjustable volume pipettes regulate aspiration and dispensing volume to a specified range. Adjustable pipettes are available with either mechanical dials or electronic controls; adjustment increments vary by pipette brand and model. The added flexibility of an adjustable-volume pipette is ideal for research labs and contract manufacturers with ever-shifting protocols.

E2 - Fixed Volume Pipettes

Fixed volume pipettes dispense a singular volume of liquid repeatedly. As these workhorse models contain fewer moving parts, fixed-volume pipettes require infrequent calibration. More economical than adjustable-volume models, fixed-volume pipettors are optimal for production environments with concrete standard operating procedures.

Shop Pipettes with Volume and Flow Features

• High-Throughput Pipetting
• Lightweight Electronic
• Low-Pipetting Force
• Manual Pipette Controllers
• Self Calibration
• Versatile Mechanical

F - Pipette Applications and Features
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F1 - Self-Calibration Pipettes

The Sartorius ProLine Plus Pipette contains a self-calibration system allowing lab personnel to test and re-calibrate pipettes without an on-site service technician. Removing the calibration nut located on the back of the pipette handle exposes a volume-adjustment lock. The calibration tool is inserted into the adjustment lock and turned to increase or decrease the aspiration and dispensing volume. Once the appropriate volume is achieved, the volume is validated through performance testing using an analytical balance.

Shop Electronic Pipette Controllers

F2 - Autoclave-Safe Pipettes

For thorough pipette decontamination, certain models are manufactured from materials compatible with a standard autoclave routine (121 degrees Celsius in 20 minutes).

F3 - 21 CFR Part 11 Compliant Pipettes

Ideal for 21 CFR Part 11 facilities, the Sartorius Picus NxT electronic pipette includes data export functionality, password-protected saved programs and event tracking.

Where Can I Find a Trusted Supplier of Pipettes and Other Laboratory Equipment?

Laboratory-Equipment.com offers carefully selected pipettes and equipment for a range of applications including PCR, DNA/RNA techniques, ELISA, protein analysis, and cell culture. Through our worldwide network of reps, we supply some of the largest research and production facilities in the world. Laboratory-Equipment.com is a laboratory specialty division of Terra Universal. For nearly 40 years, Terra has served semiconductor, aerospace, life science, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device markets.

Shop Pipettes by Brand

• Accuris
• Benchmark Scientific
• Sartorius

A – Lab Incubator Capacity
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Laboratory incubators are manufactured in a broad array of sizes, ranging from compact benchtop units smaller than 1 cubic foot to high-capacity, reach-in chambers larger than 40 cubic feet.

Compact incubators (small-footprint, counter-top models under 6 cubic feet) are designed to house samples from a single cell culture line. For labs with limited workspace, certain benchtop incubators are compatible with stacking kits that accommodate up to 3 units.

Floor-standing incubators (up to 20 cubic feet) are designed to isolate cultures from multiple cell lines, protecting the samples from cross-contamination.

High volume reach-in models (larger than 20 cubic feet) include space for additional sample agitation equipment, such as incubator-safe shakers, for cell aeration and solubility studies.

Compare Incubator Sizes and Prices

• 13 to 20 cubic feet 7
• 6 to 12 cubic feet 12
• >20 cubic feet 6
• <6 cubic feet 28

B – Incubator Temperature Control Systems
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Lab incubators and environmental test chambers are designed to maintain environmental conditions ideal for growing and storing bacterial and mammalian cell cultures.

Why Use a CO2 Incubator for Cell Culture?

CO2 incubators, used primarily to promote human cell growth, maintain a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius and a humidity level of 95% RH. Microbiological incubators are designed to sustain temperatures between 5 degrees and 70 degrees Celsius to accommodate a variety of bacterial, viral and fungal species.

Refrigerated incubators maintain temperatures up to 40 degrees cooler than ambient conditions for fermentation studies and plant cell cultures.

C – Incubator Construction Material
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C1 – Aluminum Incubators

Drosophila incubators feature day/night cycling to promote fruit fly germination and include aluminum-clad interior panels for better light refraction throughout the chamber.

C2 – Epoxy-Coated Steel Incubators

Epoxy-coated steel resists the most common biocides and alcohol-based disinfectants, but may be prone to corrosion in high humidity environments.

C3 – Powder-Coated Steel Incubators

Powder-coated steel represents an economical alternative to stainless steel, resisting most sanitizers and disinfectants. However, the powder coating may crack after prolonged exposure to bleach-based cleaners.

C4 – Stainless Steel Incubators

Stainless steel incubators maintain aseptic conditions within the incubator, resist all sanitizers and disinfectants, and will not corrode in high humidity environments.

D – Environmental Incubator Air Convection Method
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D1 – Air Jacket Incubators

Jacketed CO2 Incubators employ two primary methods of temperature control: water-jacketed and air-jacketed internal plenums. Water-jacketed incubators offer better temperature uniformity but must be drained and cleaned weekly. Air-jacketed models are lighter, easier to transport, and maintenance-free.

D2 – Dual Convection Incubators

Dual convection incubators toggle between mechanical and gravity convection modes. Gravity convection models introduce heat, through a heating element, at the bottom of the internal chamber and allow gravity to cause the warmed air to rise throughout the storage area. Mechanical convection systems utilize an internal fan to distribute heated air across the internal chamber.

D3 – Forced Air Incubators

Similar to mechanical convection systems, forced air incubator utilize an internal or external blower to distribute heated air throughout the internal chamber. Forced air and mechanical convection incubators boast reduced recovery times after the chamber is accessed, making these designs ideal for high-throughput cell culture labs.

D4 – Gravity Incubators

Gravity convection incubators introduce heat into the bottom of the internal chamber and allow gravity to distribute the warmed air across the storage area as it rises. Gravity convection systems maintain lower air change rates than mechanical or forced-air units – ideal for labs storing non-aqueous samples prone to over-drying.

D5 – Mechanical Incubators

Mechanical convection incubators yield industry-leading temperature uniformity by utilizing a fan to distribute heated air across the internal chamber. Given their higher air change rate, mechanical convection incubators quickly warm samples transferred from cold storage without evaporating the growth media.

E – Voltages
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E1 – 120 Incubators

120-volt connections are suitable for standard residential power outlets in the US.

E2 – 240 Incubators

240-volt connections require less current (amperage) and smaller conductors than appliances designed to operate at 120V.

F – Special Application Features - Incubator Function in Microbiology
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F1 – B.O.D. Incubator Applications

Biological Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) applications determine the amount of pollution within a water sample by quantifying the oxygen consumed by microorganisms as they decompose organic matter. BOD incubators utilize Peltier coolers to maintain precise temperature uniformity for wastewater treatment, germination studies and plant cultivation.

View BOD Incubator Specifications

F2 – Drosophila Culture Incubators

Drosophila incubators maintain optimal conditions for fruit fly culturing by incorporating day-night light cycling (through an internal LED light), Peltier thermo-cooling (for over-temperature protection), and mechanical convection (for rapid temperature changes).

F3 – High Security Incubators

High security incubators utilize restricted access controls, such as fingerprint scanners and keycard readers, to protect high-value samples for clinical diagnostics, recombinant protein production, or gene expression.

F4 – Small Footprint Incubators

Compact models with optional stacking kits are ideal for crowded research labs or educational institutions with limited benchtop space.

F5 – Incubators with Timed On/Off Cycles

For samples with incubation protocols beyond the standard 48-hour culture cycle, advanced protocol models include digital controllers with timed on/off cycles for real-time sample monitoring.

F6 – Incubator with UV Lighting

The two primary methods for incubator chamber disinfection are UV sanitization and high-heat decontamination. Germicidal UV light, emitted at 254 nanometers, denatures microbial genetic material. Incubators with UV lighting are equipped with digital controllers and load presence sensors to prevent samples from UV exposure. High-heat decontamination cycles utilize hot, moist air to sterilize the inner chamber when the incubator is free of samples.

F7 – Stackable Incubators

Certain benchtop incubators are compatible with optional stacking kits capable of housing up to three small-footprint units. Stackable units are ideal for crowded labs culturing distinct cell lines that cannot be stored within a single incubator.

F8 – Remote Cell Culture Monitoring Incubators

Incubators with remote cell culture monitoring systems allow real-time, visual sample observation through a mobile app or LIMS integration.

G – Cell Culture Incubator Humidity and Co2 Controls
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G1 – CO2 Gas Incubators

CO2 carbon dioxide incubators use infrared or thermocouple sensors to maintain optimal conditions for cell and tissue culture growth. Optional CO2 alarms alert operators when their gas tank requires replacement.

G2 – Cell Culture Incubators - Humidity Control Co2 Incubators

Eukaryotic cells grow optimally at a humidity level of 95% RH. Incubators designed for clinical diagnostics utilize infrared sensors to maintain precise humidity levels to promote human cell growth.

G3 – O2 Gas Incubators

For anaerobic cell culturing or hypoxia studies, certain incubators include O2 gas control to reduce oxygen levels within the incubator down to 0.1%.

Shop CO2 Incubators by Brand

• Benchmark Scientific
• Binder
• Shel Lab
• Thermo Fisher

Shop By Category and Incubator Accessories

• Environmental Test Chambers
• Incubator Accessories
• Incubators

A - Gel Imager Wavelength Channels
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Gel imagers contain transilluminators that emit ultraviolet light or visible light for visualization of fluorescent and chemiluminescent samples or counting bacterial colonies. The UV or visible light bandwidth emitted by the transilluminator must match the absorbance spectrum of the fluorescent dye used during gel separation, blotting or thin layer chromatography.

Blue light, emitted at 470 nanometers, is optimal for colony counting or viewing samples stained with commercial dyes such as SYBR Green, SYBR Gold or SYBR Safe.

For UV visualization, 254 nanometer light is optimal for DNA cross-linking, 302 nanometer light is ideal for short exposure gels stained with Ethidium Bromide, and 365 nanometer light is best for gel band cutting.

B - Gel Imager Uses and Applications
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B1 - DNA Gels

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) samples are loaded onto an agarose or acrylamide gel and exposed to an electrical field, causing the negatively-charged samples to travel down the gel toward the positive electrode. Smaller DNA or RNA fragments travel faster than longer fragments, allowing researchers to identify fragments tagged with fluorescent dyes to excise the samples for further purification. DNA gels are commonly used for PCR analysis, cloning, and next generation sequencing.

B2 - Protein Gels

Protein samples are loaded onto a polyacrylamide gel submerged in a commercially available buffer Tris-Glycene or Tris-Acetate– Tris-Glycene or Tris-Acetate – for separation and purification. Similar to DNA gels, protein fragments of varying lengths migrate at different speeds through the gel matrix. Protein gels are used for mass spectrometry, sample denaturing, and blotting.

B3 - Colony Counting

Colony counting is the process of determining the number of microbial colony forming units (CFUs) present within the optimal growth conditions of a petri dish loaded with cell media.

What Is A Colony Forming Unit?

Each colony forming unit represents a gross estimate of the number of homogenous, viable cells growing on the plate. Colony counting is used to detect and quantify microbes in soil, water or food samples as well as identify unique cell lines for microbial cell culture research.

B4 - Thin Layer Chromatography

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a research technique used to separate the components of a mixture using a thin film supported by an inert backing. As the mixture moves through the column, or stationary phase, its components will migrate at different speeds based on their affinity to the column or solvent (mobile phase). Common stationary phases include silica gel, cellulose, and aluminum oxide. Common mobile phases include methanol, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate. TLC is used to quantify and qualify many substances, including lipids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and pesticides.

B5 - Southern and Western Blot Gel

Western blotting gels, used to separate proteins for further isolation and purification, come in two primary forms: native gels and SDS-PAGE gels. Native gels, used to study enzyme or protein complexes, separate proteins based on size and ionic charge. SDS-PAGE gels, used to study antibody affinity, separate proteins based on size by denaturing the samples using the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).

Southern blotting gels, used to separate DNA fragments from blood or tissue samples using restriction enzyme digestion, come in two primary forms: polyacrylamide (PAGE) gels with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels with urea.

C - Gel Imager Camera Resolution
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Gel imagers with cameras include CCD or CMOS cameras with resolutions from 5 megapixels to 17.9 megapixels. The megapixel number represents the quantity of individual points within an image. A camera with a higher pixel count produces images with higher resolution, greater sensitivity, and better image clarity.

D - Gel Imager Voltage
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120-volt connections are suitable for standard laboratory power outlets in the United States.

208-volt or 240-volt connections, common in mainland Europe, require less current (amperage) and smaller conductors than equipment designed to operate at 120-volt.

E - Special Gel Imager Features
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E1 - Integral Printer

Although most commercially-available gel imaging systems offer optional external printers.

Analytik Jena’s UVP PhotoDoc-It systems include an integral printer for convenient printing of high-quality gel images.

E2 - Side Access Door

Analytik Jena’s GelStudio, GelSolo and MultiDoc-It imagers include side access doors for convenient loading and unloading of gels or culture plates.

E3 - PLC Touchscreen Gel Imagers

Analytik Jena’s ChemStudio, GelStudio and GelSolo imagers include integrated color touchscreens for filter and illumination control. Templates and macros, within the onboard software system, are programmable to support customized workflows.

Where Can I Buy Laboratory Gel Imagers Online?

Laboratory-Equipment.com is a specialty division of Terra Universal. For nearly 40 years, Terra Universal has served the life science, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device markets. Customers appreciate a worldwide network of reps, factory-direct support, and ready-to-ship items available from Terra's manufacturing and warehouse facilities in Fullerton, California.

Shop a wide selection of laboratory gel imagers and gel documentation systems for a wide variety of applications including general laboratory, research, PCR, DNA/RNA techniques, ELISA, protein analysis, and cell culture.

Contact a Laboratory-equipment.com specialist through web chat, email, or phone for pricing or a same-day quote.

Shop Gel Imagers by Style

Colony Counting

DNA Gels

DNA/ Protein Gels

Gel and Blot Imager

Thin Layer Chromatograph

UV Gel Documentation

Shop Gel Imagers By Compatible Stains

Ethidium Bromide

Green Fluorescent Stains

UV Stains

A - Maximum Dry Bath Temperature
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Standard dry baths maintain a temperature range of 5°C above ambient to 100°C.

However, specialized heating blocks, such as Thermo Fisher’s Touchscreen Baths, reach temperatures up to 130°C for substrate melting or enzyme denaturing.

Refrigerated dry baths cool samples down to -20°C for temporary cold storage or warming of low melting point solvents. All Terra dry bath models include over-temperature controls and audible alarms to alert the user when the temperature exceeds set point.

Shop Dry Baths by Temperature Range

• 95°C
• 100°C
• 105°C
• 130°C
• 150°C

B - Dry Bath Block Positions
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Dry baths contain interchangeable aluminum blocks designed to hold specific vessel styles and sizes, from 10 ml flat-bottom tubes to 50ml conical vials.

For low-throughput research labs, compact dry baths include nesting positions for 1 or 2 removable blocks.

For high-throughput labs processing hundreds of samples concurrently, high-capacity dry baths include positions for up to 4 blocks.

MCertain multi-block models, such as Benchmark’s IsoBlock dry baths, include separate digital controls for each block to support discrete simultaneous assays.

Models like Torrey Pines’ ECHOtherm IC22 utilize sample covers to completely isolate the individual blocks and further protect samples from cross-contamination

Compare Dry Baths by Block Type

• Block Heater
• Multi-Block
• Shaker
• Plate Cooler
• Programmable
• Single Block

C - Dry Bath Maximum Shaking Speed
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The Torrey Pines’ ECHOtherm SC25 provides orbital mixing up to 1,000 rpm for sample mixing, cell suspension or dissolution testing.

Shaking dry baths include magnets installed on the corners of the unit to hold the aluminum blocks in place during high-speed mixing.

D - Dry Bath Voltage
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120-volt connections are suitable for standard laboratory power outlets in the United States.

240-volt connections, common in Mainland Europe, require less current (amperage) and smaller conductors than equipment designed to operate at 120-volt.

E - Special Dry Bath Applications and Features
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E1 - Refrigerated Dry BathsDry BathRefrigeration

For enzyme deactivation or temporary DNA sample storage, chilling dry baths utilize cooling coils to maintain temperatures down to -20°C. Refrigerated dry baths obviate the need for labs to employ a separate ice bucket for sample chilling.

E2 - Dry Baths with Touchscreen Display

Dry baths with touchscreen interfaces allow saved, password-protected profiles and programmable temperature control protocols.

E3 - Dry Baths Saved Programs

Programmable dry baths include onboard software, with password-protected profiles, to define and quickly recall saved temperature control programs.

E4 - Isolated Dry Bath Blocks

Multi-block dry baths are designed to fully isolate the individual heating blocks for samples prone to cross-contamination.

E5 - Dry Bath Sample Covers

Block lids protect samples from exposure to ambient lab conditions and ensure a high degree of temperature uniformity.

Where Can I Buy Laboratory Dry Baths Online?

Laboratory-Equipment.com is a specialty division of Terra Universal. For nearly 40 years, Terra Universal has served semiconductor, aerospace, life science, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device markets. Customers appreciate a worldwide network of reps, factory-direct support, and ready-to-ship items available from Terra's manufacturing and warehouse facilities in Fullerton, California.

Shop online to compare pricing, features, and selection for a wide variety of lab dry baths, chillers, heaters, plates and stirrer equipment for applications including general laboratory, PCR, DNA/RNA techniques, ELISA, protein analysis, and cell culture.

Shop Dry Baths by Product Family

• BSH1000
• CoolCube
• ECHOtherm IC20
• ECHOtherm IC22
• ECHOtherm IC25
• ECHOtherm IC30
• ECHOtherm SC25
• Flexi-Therm
• IsoBlock
• myBlock
• myBlock HL mini
• myBlock mini

A - Transilluminator Wavelength Channels
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Gel transilluminators emit ultraviolet light (254 nm, 302 nm and 365 nm) or visible light (465 nm) for visualization of fluorescent nucleic acid or protein samples. The UV or visible light wavelength emitted by the transilluminator must match the absorbance spectrum of the fluorescent dye used during gel separation.

Blue light, emitted at 465 nanometers, is optimal for viewing samples stained with commercial dyes such as SYBR Green, SYBR Gold or GFP.

UV Visualization Wavelength Channels

254 nanometer light is optimal for DNA cross-linking, 302 nanometer light is ideal for short exposure gels stained with Ethidium Bromide, and 365 nanometer light is best for gel band cutting.

B - Viewing Surface Dimensions
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The Accuris Smart BlueCompact is a small footprint transilluminator with a 4” square viewing surface to save on benchtop space. Larger-footprint transilluminators, like UVP’s FirstLight, include a 14” x 11” viewing surface to visualize multiple gels during a single run.

C - Light Source
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C1 - Ultraviolet (UV) Light Transilluminators

UV transilluminators include a 254 nm, 302 nm or 365 nm light excitation source for quantitative fluorescent imaging of DNA, RNA or protein samples.The backlit, 25-watt UV lamp emits high-output illumination for uniformity across the imaging surface and accurate gel-to-gel comparisons.

Blue Light vs UV Illumination - Pros & Cons

While UV illumination results in more precise imaging of gel bands than visual blue light, UV light carries a higher risk of sample damage (due to over-exposure) and worker injury. All operators using UV transilluminators must wear UV face shields and use UV-blocking surface covers while the unit is operating.

C2 - Visible Light Transilluminators

Light Transilluminators forNucleic Acid and Protein Gel Visualization

Visible light transilluminators include an 8-watt bulb emitting blue light at 465 nanometers for visualization of nucleic acid or protein gels containing SYBR Green, SYBR Safe or GFP fluorescent dyes.

Visible Light vs UV Light Illuminator Differences

While visible light models demonstrate reduced uniformity and band clarity as compared to UV systems, they carry no risk of sample damage or operator exposure. Although visible light transilluminators represent an economical alternative to UV systems, they are less effective in visualizing Ethidium Bromide gels and performing accurate gel-to-gel comparisons.

D - Transilluminator Voltage
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120-volt connections are suitable for standard laboratory power outlets in the United States.

208-volt or 240-volt connections, common in mainland Europe, require less current (amperage) and smaller conductors than equipment designed to operate at 120-volt.

E - Transilluminator Filter Cover
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E1 - Amber For Visible Light Transilluminators

Amber filter covers block blue light transmission to ensure high-quality, precise imaging of fluorescent dyes with emission wavelengths above 500 nm.

E2 - Clear, UV-Blocking For UV Transilluminators

Clear, UV-blocking filters prevent operator exposure while supporting sample visualization. UV blocking filters easily adjust for loading and unloading of gels.

F - Transilluminator Light Intensity
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F1 - Single Intensity Transilluminators

Single-light transilluminators are ideal for low-throughput research settings involving gel staining with a single fluorescent dye.

F2 - Variable Intensity Transilluminators

Variable light intensity transilluminators include low, medium and high settings for different applications. The low-intensity mode is optimal for gel positioning, multiple band excision, and sample imaging. The medium intensity mode is ideal for single-band excision. The high-intensity mode is best for low sample concentrations.

G - Special Transilluminator Features
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G1 - Smart Phone Compatibility

The Accuris SmartDoc 2.0 system is compatible with smartphones and tablets to support the imaging of fluorescent gel stains. Each model includes an orange imaging filter to enhance sample clarity.

G2 - Double or Triple UV Light Transilluminator Sources

Analytik Jena’s UVP Benchtop Transilluminators include optional double or triple UV lamps for light emission at up to three separate, concurrent wavelengths: 254 nm, 302 nm, and 365 nm.

Laboratory-Equipment.com is a specialty division of Terra Universal. For nearly 40 years, Terra Universal has served the life science, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device markets. Customers appreciate a worldwide network of reps, factory-direct support, and ready-to-ship items available from Terra's manufacturing and warehouse facilities in Fullerton, California.

Shop a wide selection of UV and visible light illuminators online for a wide variety of applications including general laboratory, research, PCR, DNA/RNA techniques, ELISA, protein analysis, and cell culture.

Contact a Laboratory-equipment.com specialist through web chat, email, or phone for pricing or a same-day quote.

A - Water Bath Maximum Temperature
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Standard water baths maintain temperatures from 5°C above ambient to 100°C. Without external heating equipment, water baths cannot attain temperatures above 100°C. As water is an excellent conductor of heat, wet baths preserve a high degree of temperature uniformity throughout the basin (with tolerances down to 0.2°C). Digital LED controllers provide real-time readouts of bath conditions and trigger audible alarms when temperatures exceed user-selected set points.

Browse Water Baths by Temperature Rating

• 65°C
• 80°C
• 100°C

B - Laboratory Water Bath Tank Capacity
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The tank capacity is the volume of water, or thermal beads, safely held within the water bath’s steel basin. Low-throughput baths hold 2 liters of fluid while high-throughput baths hold up to 12 liters of fluid. Certain models offer included or optional sample racks or tube blocks to maximize the storage capacity of the bath.

Compare Water Baths by Tank Volume

• 2 L
• 4 L
• 8 L
• 10 L
• 12 L

C - Maximum Water Bath Shaking Speed
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Shaking water baths are optimal for cell culture, hybridizations assays and environmental sample testing. The water bath shakes the basin in an orbital motion to promote mixing of bacterial samples, cell media or reagents during thawing or warming procedures. Low-speed baths maintain shaking speeds of 200 rpm for samples diluted in PH-neutral buffer or DI water. High-speed baths maintain shaking speeds of 500 rpm for viscous reagents or cell growth media.

Compare: SB-12L Shaking Water Baths

D - Voltage
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D1 – 120V Water Baths

120-volt connections are suitable for standard residential power outlets in the US.

D2 – 240V Water Baths

240-volt connections require less current (amperage) and smaller conductors than appliances designed to operate at 120V.

E - Application-Specific Water Bath Features
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E1 - Water Bath Sample Racks

Certain models offer included or optional sample racks configured to maximize storage of 2.0 ml flip-cap tubes, 15 ml centrifuge tubes, or 50 ml culture tubes.

E2 - Water Baths with Drain Ports

Drain ports support easy cleaning of the basin, simplify fluid refills, and protect the work area from water spills. For baths located away from sinks or liquid waste containers, optional tubing connects to the drain port for easy fluid disposal.

E3 - Water Baths with Gable Cover

Clear gable covers protect samples from outside contaminants, accommodate glassware and tubes of varying sizes, simplify sample loading, prevent condensation build-up and inhibit heat escape.

E4 - Water Baths with Self-Calibration

Benchmark’s myBath and BeadBath Duo include Quick-CAL programming to define user-selected or automatic temperature calibration. Monthly or quarterly temperature calibrations ensure that the bath is performing according to specification.

E5 - Water Baths with Digital Display

Digital controllers include real-time LED readouts of bath conditions, audible alarms if the temperature exceeds the user-defined set point range, and over-temperature controls to protect samples from overheating. Certain digital controllers allow users to define and save programs for quick recall.

E6 - Thermal Beads for Wet Baths

Thermal beads are dry metal beads used in non-shaking, static wet baths as an alternative to water. As compared with water or bath fluid, thermal beads are more resistant to bacterial growth, but less effective in achieving temperature uniformity. For samples prone to cross contamination, thermal beads are often used instead of water.

Where Can I Buy Laboratory Water Baths Online?

Laboratory-Equipment.com is a speciality division of Terra Universal. For nearly 40 years, Terra Universal has served semiconductor, aerospace, life science, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device markets. Customers appreciate a worldwide network of reps, factory-direct support, and ready-to-ship items available from Terra's manufacturing and warehouse facilities in Fullerton, California.

Shop online to compare pricing, features, and selection for a wide variety of water baths, chillers, hot plates, and stirrer equipment for applications including reagent incubation, cell culture, media prep and sample heating.

• Benchmark BeadBath Duo
• Benchmark myBath
• MAXQ 7000
• SB-12L